Skip to main content

Correlation of the role of boron concentration on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of diamond electrodes

Yinhao Chen ,
Xiaolei Gao ,
Guoshuai Liu ,
Ruitong Zhu ,
Wanlin Yang ,
Zhishen Li ,
Fangmu Liu ,
Kechao Zhou ,
Zhiming Yu ,
Qiuping Wei ,
Li Ma
+ 3 authors fewer
Volume 1, Issue 1 (2021)
DOI: 10.1080/26941112.2021.2017759

Abstract

In this article, a series of highly boron-doped diamond ([B] > 1021 cm−3) electrodes with small gradient variations in boron concentration were prepared by hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HF-CVD). Reactive blue 19 (RB-19) dye solution was used as a prototype wastewater. Interestingly, we found that the electrochemical properties (electrochemically active surface area and oxygen evolution potential) and the electrochemical degradation performance did not deteriorate linearly with increasing boron concentration. Specifically, the electrochemically active surface area of the electrode at [B]/[C] = 50,000 ppm was the highest of 9.366 cm2, the chromaticity removal rate of RB-19 dye wastewater reached 100% after 90 min, and the TOC removal rate reached 74.48% after 180 min with the lowest energy consumption.

Keywords

Boron doped diamond; boron concentration; electrochemical advanced oxidation

References

  • Yang NJ, Yu SY, Macpherson JV, et al. Conductive diamond: synthesis, properties, and electrochemical applications. Chem Soc Rev. 2019;48(1):157–204. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00757d
  • Brillas E, Martínez-Huitle CA. Synthetic diamond films. Canada: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
  • Divyapriya G, Nidheesh PV. Electrochemically generated sulfate radicals by boron doped diamond and its environmental applications. Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci. 2021;25(3):100921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2021.100921
  • Ganiyu SO, Martinez-Huitle CA. Nature, mechanisms and reactivity of electrogenerated reactive species at Thin-Film Boron-Doped diamond (BDD) electrodes during elec­trochemical wastewater treatment. ChemElectroChem. 2019;6(9):2379–2392. https://doi.org/10.1002/celc.201900159
  • Einaga Y, Foord JS, Swain GM. Diamond electrodes: diversity and maturity. MRS Bull. 2014;39(6):525–532. https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2014.94
  • Macpherson JV. A practical guide to using boron doped diamond in electrochemical research. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2015;17(5):2935–2949. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cp04022h
  • Ekimov EA, Sidorov VA, Bauer ED, et al. Superconductivity in diamond. Nature. 2004;428(6982):542–545. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02449
  • Borst TH, Weis O. Boron doped homoepitaxial diamond layers: fabrication, characterization, and electronic applications. Phys Stat Sol (a)). 1996;154(1):423–444. https://doi.org/http://doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211540130
  • Turner S, Lu YG, Janssens SD, et al. Local boron environment in B-doped nanocrystalline diamond films. Nanoscale. 2012;4(19):5960–5964. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2nr31530k
  • Garcia-Segura S, Vieira dos Santos E, Martínez-Huitle CA. Role of sp3/sp2 ratio on the electrocatalytic properties of boron-doped diamond electrodes: a mini review. Electrochem Commun. 2015;59:52–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2015.07.002
  • Futera Z, Watanabe T, Einaga Y, et al. First principles calculation study on surfaces and water interfaces of Boron-Doped diamond. J Phys Chem C. 2014;118(38):22040–22052. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp506046m
  • Feng YJ, Lv JW, Liu JF, et al. Influence of boron concentration on growth characteristic and electro-catalytic performance of boron-doped diamond electrodes prepared by direct current plasma chemical vapor deposition. Appl Surf Sci. 2011;257(8):3433–3439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2010.11.041
  • Baluchova S, Taylor A, Mortet V, et al. Porous boron doped diamond for dopamine sensing: Effect of boron doping level on morphology and electrochemical performance. Electrochim Acta. 2019;327:135025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135025
  • Wei JJ, Li CM, Gao XH, et al. The influence of boron doping level on quality and stability of diamond film on Ti substrate. Appl Surf Sci. 2012;258(18):6909–6913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2012.03.134
  • Matsushima JT, Silva WM, Azevedo AF, et al. The influence of boron content on electroanalytical detection of nitrate using BDD electrodes. Appl Surf Sci. 2009;256(3):757–762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.08.055
  • Bogdanowicz R, Fabiańska A, Golunski L, et al. Influence of the boron doping level on the electrochemical oxidation of the azo dyes at Si/BDD thin film electrodes. Diamond Relat Mater. 2013;39:82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2013.08.004
  • Watanabe T, Shimizu TK, Tateyama Y, et al. Giant electric double-layer capacitance of heavily boron-doped diamond electrode. Diamond Relat Mater. 2010;19(7-9):772–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2010.02.022
  • Liu B, Guo WQ, Ren NQ. Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods: a review. AMR. 2013;788:405–408. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.788.405
  • Azevedo AF, Baldan MR, Ferreira NG. Doping level influence on chemical surface of diamond electrodes. J Phys Chem Solids. 2013;74(4):599–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2012.12.013
  • Schwarzova-Peckova K, Vosahlova J, Barek J, et al. Influence of boron content on the morphological, spectral, and electroanalytical characteristics of anodically oxidized boron-doped diamond electrodes. Electrochim Acta. 2017;243:170–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.05.006
  • Gerger I, Haubner R. The behaviour of Ti-substrates during deposition of boron doped diamond. Int J Refract Metals Hard Mater. 2008;26(5):438–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2007.10.002
  • Mortet V, Zivcova ZV, Taylor A, et al. Insight into boron-doped diamond Raman spectra characteristic features. Carbon. 2017;115:279–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2017.01.022
  • Watanabe T, Yoshioka S, Yamamoto T, et al. The local structure in heavily boron-doped diamond and the effect this has on its electrochemical properties. Carbon. 2018;137:333–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2018.05.026
  • Knight DS, White WB. Characterization of diamond films by Raman spectroscopy. J Mater Res. 1989;4(2):385–393. https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1989.0385
  • Xu J, Natsui K, Naoi S, et al. Effect of doping level on the electrochemical reduction of CO2 on boron-doped diamond electrodes. Diamond Relat Mater. 2018;86:167–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2018.04.028
  • Bartoň J, Krýsová H, Janda P, et al. Chemical modification of diamond surface by a donor-acceptor organic chromophore (P1): optimization of surface chemistry and electronic properties of diamond. Appl Mater Today. 2018;12:153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2018.04.005
  • Kalish R, Uzan-Saguy C, Philosoph B, et al. Nitrogen doping of diamond by ion implantation. Diamond Relat Mater. 1997;6(2-4):516–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-9635(96)00657-7
  • Li HC, Zhou KC, Cao J, et al. A novel modification to boron-doped diamond electrode for enhanced, selective detection of dopamine in human serum. Carbon. 2021;171:16–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2020.08.019
  • Comninellis C. Electrocatalysis in the electrochemical conversion/combustion of organic pollutants for waste water treatment. Electrochem Acta. 1994;39(11-12):1857–1862. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(94)85175-1
  • Comninellis C, Kapalka A, Malato S, et al. Advanced oxidation processes for water treatment: advances and trends for R&D. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2008;83(6):769–776. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1873
  • Mei RQ, Wei QP, Zhu CW, et al. 3D macroporous boron-doped diamond electrode with interconnected liquid flow channels: a high-efficiency electrochemical degradation of RB-19 dye wastewater under low current. Appl Catal, B. 2019;245:420–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2018.12.074
  • Adams RN. Electrochemistry at solid electrodes. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc; 1969.
  • Chen YH, Hu CT, Lin IN. Field emission characteristics of boron-doped diamond films prepared by MPE-CVD. Appl Surf Sci. 1999;142(1-4):516–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4332(98)00687-4
  • Ashcheulov P, Sebera J, Kovalenko A, et al. Conductivity of boron-doped polycrystalline diamond films: influence of specific boron defects. Eur Phys J B. 2013;86(10): 443. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2013-40528-x
1124
Favorite
Share

Related articles