Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond have emerged as a focal point in quantum technology research due to their exceptional optical and electronic spin properties. This discovery not only expands our understanding of the material properties of diamond but also paves the way for practical applications in quantum technology. As a solid-state spin quantum system characterized by long electron spin coherence times and stable performance

NV color centers offer distinct advantages in quantum information processing. Recent advancements have enabled the fabrication of high-quality NV color centers with controllable concentration and spatial positioning through techniques such as in situ doping

ion implantation

and hybrid approaches. These technological breakthroughs have significantly enhanced the efficiency of NV center fabrication

thereby establishing a robust foundation for their widespread application in quantum sensing and quantum information technologies. This review provides a compre­hensive introduction to the structure and fundamental properties of NV color centers in diamond

an in-depth analysis of recent progress in their fabrication techniques

and a critical discussion of their current applications in quantum science and technology. Additionally

the challenges

open questions

and future research directions in NV color center studies are addressed.