Experimental studies of electron affinity and work function from titanium on oxidised diamond (100) surfaces

Fabian Fogarty; Neil A. Fox; Paul W. May

doi:10.1080/26941112.2022.2122733

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Experimental studies of electron affinity and work function from titanium on oxidised diamond (100) surfaces

Research Article | Updated：2022-09-25

- Experimental studies of electron affinity and work function from titanium on oxidised diamond (100) surfaces
- Functional Diamond Vol. 2, Issue 1, Pages: 103-111(2022)
- Affiliations：
  
  School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock’s Close
- Author bio：
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1080/26941112.2022.2122733
  CLC：
- Online First：25 September 2022，
  
  Published：2022
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Fabian Fogarty, Neil A. Fox, Paul W. May. Experimental studies of electron affinity and work function from titanium on oxidised diamond (100) surfaces[J]. Functional Diamond2022, 2(1): 103-111.
DOI：

Fabian Fogarty, Neil A. Fox, Paul W. May. Experimental studies of electron affinity and work function from titanium on oxidised diamond (100) surfaces[J]. Functional Diamond2022, 2(1): 103-111. DOI： 10.1080/26941112.2022.2122733.

摘要

Abstract

Sub-monolayers of titanium were deposited onto oxidised (100) single-crystal diamond surfaces and annealed

in vacuo

at temperatures up to 1000 °C to find a temperature-stable termination procedure that produces a surface with Negative Electron Affinity (NEA). The samples were analysed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Energy-Filtered Photoemission Electron Microscopy to determine their electron affinity and work function values. NEA values were observed on samples following annealing above 400 °C

with the largest NEA value being –0.9 eV for a sample coated with a half-monolayer of Ti annealed at 400 °C. Work function values were ∼4.5 eV for all samples annealed at temperatures between 400 and 600 °C

then rose at higher temperatures due to the loss of substantial amounts of O from the surface. Work-function maps indicated that the surface was uniform over areas 5700 μm

suggesting that the deposition and annealing steps used are reliable methods to produce films with homogeneous surface properties.

关键词

Keywords

references

May PW. Diamond thin films: a 21st century material. Phil Trans R Soc Lond A. 2000;358(1766):473–495. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

James MC, Fogarty F, Zulkharnay R, et al. A review of surface functionalisation of diamond for thermionic emission applications. Carbon. 2021;171:532–550. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Monroy E, Omnés F, Calle F. Wide-Bandgap semiconductor ultraviolet photodetectors. Semicond Sci Technol. 2003;18(4):R33–R51. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ascarelli P, Cappelli E, Pinzari F, et al. Secondary electron emission from diamond: physical modeling and application to scanning electron microscopy. J Appl Phys. 2001;89(1):689–696. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Shih A, Yater J, Pehrsson P, et al. Secondary electron emission from diamond surfaces. J Appl Phys. 1997;82(4):1860–1867. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Koeck FAM, Nemanich RJ, Lazea A, et al. Thermionic electron emission from low work-function phosphorus doped diamond films. Diamond Relat Mater. 2009;18(5–8):789–791. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Hamers RJ, Bandy JA, Zhu D, et al. Photoemission from diamond films and substrates into water: dynamics of solvated electrons and implications for diamond photoelectrochemistry. Faraday Discuss. 2014;172:397–411. PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Diederich L, Küttel OM, Aebi P, et al. Electron affinity and work function of differently oriented and doped diamond surfaces determined by photoelectron spectroscopy. Surf Sci. 1998;418(1):219–239. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Loh KP, Sakaguchi I, Nishitani-Gamo M, et al. Negative electron affinity of cubic boron nitride. Diamond Relat Mater. 1999;8(2-5):781–784. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nemanich RJ, Baumann PK, Benjamin MC, et al. Negative electron affinity surfaces of aluminum nitride and diamond. Diamond Relat Mater. 1996;5(6-8):790–796. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cui JB, Ristein J, Ley L. Electron affinity of the bare and hydrogen covered single crystal diamond (111) surface. Phys Rev Lett. 1998;81(2):429–432. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Van Der Weide J, Zhang Z, Baumann PK, et al. Negative-electron-affinity effects on the diamond (100) surface. Phys Rev B. 1994;50(8):5803–5806. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Himpsel FJ, Knapp JA, VanVechten JA, et al. Quantum photoyield of diamond(111)—a stable Negative-Affinity emitter. Phys Rev B. 1979;20(2):624–627. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Baumann PK, Nemanich RJ. Surface cleaning, electronic states and electron affinity of diamond (100), (111) and (110) surfaces. Surf Sci. 1998;409(2):320–335. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Paxton WF, Howell M, Kang WP, et al. Influence of hydrogen on the thermionic electron emission from nitrogen-incorporated polycrystalline diamond films. J Vac Sci Technol B. 2012;30(2):021202. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Raymakers J, Haenen K, Maes W. Diamond surface functionalization: from gemstone to photoelectrochemical applications. J Mater Chem C. 2019;7(33):10134–10165. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Loh KP, Foord JS, Egdell RG, et al. Tuning the electron affinity of CVD diamond with adsorbed caesium and oxygen layers. Diam Relat Mater. 1997;6(5-7):874–878. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Loh KP, Xie XN, Yang SW, et al. A spectroscopic study of the negative electron affinity of cesium Oxide-Coated diamond (111) and theoretical calculation of the surface density-of-States on oxygenated diamond (111). Diamond Relat Mater. 2002;11(7):1379–1384. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wong KW, Wang YM, Lee ST, et al. Lowering of work function induced by deposition of ultra-thin rubidium fluoride layer on polycrystalline diamond surface. Appl Surf Sci. 1999;140(1–2):144–149. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Nie JL, Xiao HY, Zu XT, et al. First principles calculations on Na and K-adsorbed diamond (100) surface. Chem Phys. 2006;326(2–3):308–314. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Baumann PK, Nemanich RJ. Characterization of cobalt-diamond (100) interfaces: electron affinity and schottky barrier. Appl Surf Sci. 1996;104–105:267–273. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Baumann PK, Nemanich RJ. Electron affinity and schottky barrier height of metal–diamond (100), (111), and (110) interfaces. J Appl Phys. 1998;83(4):2072–2082. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

van der Weide J, Nemanich RJ. Schottky barrier height and negative electron affinity of titanium on (111) diamond. J Vac Sci Technol B. 1992;10(4):1940–1943. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Tiwari AK, Goss JP, Briddon PR, et al. Effect of different surface coverages of transition metals on the electronic and structural properties of diamond. Phys Status Solidi A. 2012;209(9):1697–1702. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Tiwari AK, Goss JP, Briddon PR, et al. Unexpected change in the electron affinity of diamond caused by the ultra-thin transition metal oxide films. EPL. 2014;108(4):46005. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

O’Donnell KM, Martin TL, Fox NA, et al. Ab initio investigation of lithium on the diamond C(100) surface. Phys Rev B. 2010;82(11) 115303. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

O’Donnell KM, Martin TL, Allan NL. Light metals on oxygen-terminated diamond (100): structure and electronic properties. Chem Mater. 2015;27(4):1306–1315. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

O’Donnell KM, Martin TL, Edmonds MT, et al. Photoelectron emission from lithiated diamond. Phys Status Solidi A. 2014;211(10):2209–2222. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

O’Donnell KM, Edmonds MT, Tadich A, et al. Extremely high negative electron affinity of diamond via magnesium adsorption. Phys Rev B. 2015;92(3):35303. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

James KM. Aluminium and oxygen termination of diamond for thermionic applications [PhD thesis]. University of Bristol, UK; 2019. Available from: http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/pt/diamond/michael-james-thesis/Michael-James-thesis.pdf. Google Scholar

James MC, Croot A, May PW, et al. Negative electron affinity from aluminium on the diamond (100) surface: a theoretical study. J Phys Condens Matter. 2018;30(23):235002. PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

James MC, May PW, Allan NL. Ab initio study of negative electron affinity from light metals on the oxygen-terminated diamond (111) surface. J Phys Condens Matter. 2019;31(29):295002. PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

James MC, Cattelan M, Fox NA, Sila RF, Silva M, May PW. Experimental studies of electron affinity and work function from aluminium on oxidised diamond (100) and (111) surfaces. Phys Status Solidi B Basic Solid State Phys. 2021;258:2100027. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ullah S, Fox NA. Modification of the surface structure and electronic properties of diamond (100) with tin as a surface termination: a density functional theory study. J Phys Chem C. 2021;125(45):25165–25174. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ullah S, Wan G, Kouzios C, et al. Structure and electronic properties of tin monoxide (SnO) and lithiated SnO terminated diamond (100) and its comparison with lithium oxide terminated diamond. Appl Surf Sci. 2021;559:149962. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zulkharnay R, Allan NL, May PW. Ab initio study of negative electron affinity on the scandium-terminated diamond (100) surface for electron emission devices. Carbon. 2022;196:176–185. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Zulkharnay R, May PW. in preparation. 2022. Google Scholar

WebElements: Titanium: radii of atoms and ions. Available from: https://www.webelements.com/titanium/atom_sizes.html. Google Scholar

Fogarty F. Renewable energy – low temperature thermionic emission from modified diamond surfaces [PhD thesis]. University of Bristol, UK; July 2020. Google Scholar

Wan G, Cattelan M, Fox NA. Electronic structure tunability of diamonds by surface functionalization. J Phys Chem C. 2019;123(7):4168–4177. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yeh JJ, Lindau I. Atomic calculation of photoionization Cross-Sections and asymmetry parameters. Langhorne (PA): Gordon and Breach; 1993. Google Scholar

Wan G, Panditharatne S, Fox NA, et al. Graphene–diamond junction photoemission microscopy and electronic interactions. Nano Express. 2020;1(2):020011. Google Scholar

Larsson K. The combined influence of dopant species and surface termination on the electronic properties of diamond surfaces. J Carbon. 2020;6(2):22. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Loh KP, Xie XN, Yang SW, et al. Oxygen adsorption on (111)-oriented diamond: a study with ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption, and periodic density functional theory. J Phys Chem B. 2002;106(20):5230–5240. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Yoshida R, Miyata D, Makino T, et al. Formation of atomically flat hydroxyl-terminated diamond (111) surfaces via water vapor annealing. Appl Surf Sci. 2018;458:222–225. Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Othman MZ. Studies of n-type doping and surface modification of CVD diamond for use in thermionic applications [PhD thesis]. University of Bristol, UK; 2014. Google Scholar

Views

Downloads

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

CVD diamond: a review on options and reality

Past, present, and the future of the research and commercialization of CVD diamond in China

The polishing methods for large area CVD diamond wafer

Related Author

Christoph E. Nebel

F. X. Lu

Haochen Zhang

Zengyu Yan

Zhipeng Song

Shuai Zhou

Zilong Zhang

Guo Chen

Related Institution

a Diamond and Carbon Applications Freiburg Germany

b Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi

a University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing

a College of Material Science and Opto-electrical Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

b Research Center of Energy and Environment Binzhou Institute of Technology

⁰